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Extrinsic Hand Muscles

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Description

Left: Muscles in the anterior compartment of extrinsic muscles (flexor muscles of the forearm)—The muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm are depicted in this image from the deepest layer (left) to the most superficial one (right): (a). Pronator quadratus (PQ); (b). Flexor digitorium profundus (FDP); (c). Flexor pollicis longus (FPL); (d). Flexor digitorium superficialis (FDS); (e). Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU); (f). Palmaris longus (PL); (g). Flexor carpi radialis (FCR); (h). Pronator teres (PT). Right: Muscles in the posterior compartment of extrinsic muscles (extensor muscles of the forearm)—The muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm are depicted in this image moving from the deepest to the most superficial layer: (i). Extensor indicis (EI); (j). Extensor pollicis longus (EPL); (k). Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB); (l). Abductor pollicis longus (APL); (m). Supinator (S); (n). Anconeous (A); (o). Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRl); (p). Extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRb); (q). Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU); (r). Brachioradialis (B); (s). Extensor digitorium (ED); (t). Extensor digiti minimi (EDM).[1]
Forearm muscles[2]
Extrinsic tendons and intrinsic muscles of the hand. a Finger. b, c Palmar, dorsal views (left hand)[3]

Alternative Names

  • Extrinsic muscles of the hand
  • Extrinsic hand muscle group
  • Forearm muscles acting on the hand
  • Long muscles of the hand
  • Extrinsic wrist and hand muscles
  • Forearm flexor and extensor muscle group
  • Long flexors and extensors of the hand
  • Wrist and digital extrinsic muscles

General

  • Muscles of the hand that originate outside the hand but insert into structures within the hand
  • Most of the extrinsic muscles have their origins within the forearm
  • Several solely/also originating from the humerus

Flexor/ Pronator Muscles

Extensor/ Supinator Muscles

Extrinsic Muscles of the Thumb

Innervation

Clinical Significance

Pathology

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Aranceta-Garza, Alejandra, and Bernard Arthur Conway. "Differentiating variations in thumb position from recordings of the surface electromyogram in adults performing static grips, a proof of concept study." Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology 7 (2019): 123.
  2. ↑ Roell, Jordan, Jessica Sikula, and Jaydip Desai. "Real-time individual finger movement of a Mecha TE robotic hand using human forearm sEMG signals through hardware-software communication." Sch. J. Eng. Technol 3 (2015): 252-257.
  3. ↑ Chang, Ivy, Kok-Meng Lee, and Yuyang Liu. "Design concept and kinematic analysis of a compliant anatomical palm mechanism for bio-inspired robotic hand design." International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications 9.3 (2025): 1135-1153.
Created by:
John Kiel on 6 January 2025 21:37:39
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Last edited:
13 May 2026 01:36:22
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