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Tarsal Coalition
From WikiSM
Other Names
- Talocalcaneal coalition
- Calcaneonavicular coalition
- Peroneal spastic flatfoot
Background
- This page refers to abnormal connections of the tarsal bones, commonly referred to as 'tarsal coalition'
History
- First described by Buffon in 1750 or 1769 (need citation)
- In 1948, Harris and Beath were the first to identify tarsal coalition as a cause of painful and rigid pes planovalgus[1]
Epidemiology
- Prevalence
Pathophysiology
- General
- Definition: abnormal osseous, cartilaginous or fibrous connection between two or more tarsal bones
- Due to a failure of differentiation and segmentation of primitive mesenchyme into the distinct tarsal bones
- The coalition can be bony (synostosis), cartilaginous (synchondrosis), or fibrous (syndesmosis)
- May involve fusion of the accessory ossicles[5]
- It is an often unrecognised cause of foot and ankle pain
- Natural history
- Majority are cartilaginous at birth and are therefore asymptomatic
- Evidence suggests coalitions remain asymptomatic into adulthood[6]
- When symptoms arise, thought to be a result of microfractures of the coalition and inflammation of the surrounding soft tissue from repetitive overload[7]
- Age of presentation varies, depending on which bones are involved
- Appears to be approximately 3--4 years after ossification of the coalition
Location
- General
- Talocalcaneal and calcaneonavicular coalitions are its most common subtypes, represent about 90% of junctions[3]
- Talocancaneal
- Calcaneonavicular
- Other investigators have reported a nearly equal prevalence of talocalcaneal and calcaneonavicular coalitions[9]
- More readily diagnosed with conventional radiography, which may contribute to their reported higher prevalence
- Talonavicular
- Calcaneocuboid
- Naviculocuneiform
- Cubonavicular
Etiology
- Thought to be due to a failure of segmentation of primitive mesenchyme during development[10]
- Genetics
- Acquired
- May occur due to may occur because of degenerative joint diseases
- Examples: inflammatory arthritis, fibular hemimelia, congenital talipes equinovarus, Apert syndrome, arthrogryposis, and Nievergelt--Pearlman syndrome
Associated Conditions
- Pes Planus
- Other congenital malformations
- Including carpal fusions, carpal synostosis with radial head subluxation, symphalangism, and partial adactyly
- Ankle Sprain
Pathoanatomy
- Tarsal Bones
- Includes calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and the medial, middle, and lateral cuneiforms
Risk Factors
Differential Diagnosis
- Fractures & Osseous Disease
- Traumatic/ Acute
- Stress Fractures
- Other Osseous
- Dislocations & Subluxations
- Muscle and Tendon Injuries
- Ligament Injuries
- Plantar Fasciopathy (Plantar Fasciitis)
- Turf Toe
- Plantar Plate Tear
- Spring Ligament Injury
- Neuropathies
- Mortons Neuroma
- Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
- Joggers Foot (Medial Plantar Nerve)
- Baxters Neuropathy (Lateral Plantar Nerve)
- Arthropathies
- Hallux Rigidus (1st MTPJ OA)
- Gout
- Toenail
- Pediatrics
- Fifth Metatarsal Apophysitis (Iselin's Disease)
- Calcaneal Apophysitis (Sever's Disease)
- Freibergs Disease (Avascular Necrosis of the Metatarsal Head)
Clinical Features
- History
- Symptoms initiate with the onset of ossification, calcaneonavicular (8-12 years), talocalcaneal (8-12 years), talonavicular (3-5 years)[15]
- Mid-, hindfoot or tarsal pain, sometimes diffuse
- Trouble walking on uneven surfaces
- If there is a precipitating event, trauma, weight gain, or an increase in athletic activity
- Pain is diffuse, exacerbates during physical activity, and may be triggered by minimal trauma[16]
- Progressing to decreased range of motion, especially inversion/eversion of the subtalar joint
- Rigid deformity is usually the end point
- Physical Exam: Physical Exam Foot
- Rigid pes planus, hindfoot valgus
- Inability to roll onto lateral side of foot (secondary to rigid pes planus)
- Tightness of peroneal muscles, long extensors which may be obvious dorsally
- "Double medial malleolus" with talocalcaneal coalition[17]
- Ankle range of motion is normal while subtalar range of motion is restricted
- Special Tests
Evaluation
Radiographs
- Standard Radiographs Foot, Standard Radiographs Ankle
- Initial imaging modality of choice
- Views should include anteroposterior, lateral, oblique, and axial weight-bearing
- Harris axial view (Harris-Beath)
- Sometimes termed Harris projection or penetrated axial projection
- Special radiographic view that is used for assessment of talocalcaneal coalition
- X-ray beam is angled between 35 and 45 degrees
- Calcaneonavicular coalitions
- Talocalcaneal coalitions
- 'C' sign
- Absent middle facet may be a more accurate radiographic finding[23]
- Dorsolateral talar beak
- Thought to occur due to impaired subtalar joint motion, subsequently the navicular overrides the talus.
- Periosteal elevation occurs at the insertion of the talonavicular ligament, a cycle of osseous leads to formation[24]
- Alternatively, may occur due to peroneal spasm with repetitive dorsolateral overload, compression of the talar head
- Note: may occur absent a tarsal coalition
MRI
- More sensitive, more specific than xray
- Also assesses for soft tissue injuries, bone edema
CT
- Similar utility for osseous connections, but less for fibrous
- offers a more precise evaluation of the site and size of coalition
- Help determine determine surgical approach, i.e. resection, arthrodesis
- Can exclude multiple coalitions and readily depicts associated degenerative changes[25]
Classification
Downey Classification
- Considers joint involvement, arthrosis extension to help in recommending surgical therapy[26]
- Type IA: extra-articular coalition without secondary arthritis
- Type IB: intra-articular coalition with secondary arthritis
- Type IIA: extra-articular coalition without secondary arthritis
- Type IIB: intra-articular coalition with secondary arthritis
Rozansky Classification
- Based on three-dimensional reconstructed computed tomography images[27]
- Type I: linear coalitions (41%)
- Type II: linear coalitions with posterior hook (17%)
- Type III: shingled coalitions (15%)
- Type IV: complete osseous coalitions (11%)
- Type V: posterior coalitions (17%)
Management
Nonoperative
- Indications
- Asymptomatic or incidentally discovered lesions
- Most symptomatic lesions upon initial presentation
- Initial therapy
- NSAIDS
- Shoe inserts
- Activity modification
- If symptoms persist, consider
- Custom orthotics
- Cast immobilization
Operative
- Indications
- Failure of conservative management
- Objective
- Achieve painless functional hindfoot movement without deformity
- Technique
- Subtalar or triple arthrodesis
- Excision of coalition with or without interposition of fat or tendon
Rehab and Return to Play
Rehabilitation
- Needs to be updated
Return to Play/ Work
- Needs to be updated
Complications and Prognosis
Prognosis
- Incidental or asymptomatic lesions
- No evidence suggesting that asymptomatic coalition may lead to future problems[21]
- Conservative vs surgical management
- Calcaneonavicular coalitions respond less to conservative treatment than talocalcaneal coalitions[28]
- Surgical outcomes
- Mahan et al observed 73% of patients achieved good results, regardless of the type of coalition[29]
- Khoshbin et al reevaluated patients after resection of calcaneonavicular and talocalcaneal coalitions, found that 85% of the patients did not require additional procedures[30]
- Mosca showed 87% of patients achieved good results after talocalcaneal coalition resection[31]
- Predictors of good outcome with conservative management (need citation)
- Skeletal immaturity at presentation
- Nonathletic patient
- Ankylosed subtalar joint in neutral
Complications
- Pes Planus
- Chronic pain
- Inability to return to sport
- Surgical complications
- Incomplete resection
- Superficial Peroneal Nerve Injury
See Also
- Internal
- External
- Sports Medicine Review Foot Pain: https://www.sportsmedreview.com/by-joint/foot/
References
- ↑ Harris RI, Beath T. Etiology of peroneal spastic flat foot. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1948; 30B:624–634.
- ↑ Bohne WH. Tarsal coalition. Curr Opin Pediatr 2001; 13:29–35.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Stormont DM, Peterson HA. The relative incidence of tarsal coalition. Clin Orthop 1983; (181):28–36.
- ↑ Solomon LB, Rühli FJ, Taylor J, et al. A dissection and computer tomograph study of tarsal coalitions in 100 cadaver feet. J Orthop Res. 2003;21:352–358
- ↑ Mosier KM, Asher M. Tarsal coalitions and peroneal spastic flat foot: a review. J Bone Joint Surg. 1984;66-A:976–984
- ↑ Conway JJ, Cowell HR. Tarsal coalition: clinical significance and roentgenographic demonstration. Radiology. 1969; 92:799--811.
- ↑ Kumai T, Takakura Y, Akiyama K, et al. Histopathological study of nonosseous tarsal coalition. Foot Ankle Int. 1998; 19:525--531.
- ↑ Moe DC, Choi JJ, Davis KW. Posterior subtalar facet coalition with calcaneal stress fracture. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186(1):259–64.
- ↑ Kulik SA, Clanton TO. Tarsal coalition. Foot Ankle Int. 1996;17:286–296
- ↑ Vincent KA. Tarsal coalition and painful flatfoot. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1998;6:274–281
- ↑ Leonard MA. The inheritance of tarsal coalition and its relationship to spastic flat foot. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1974; 56B:520–526.
- ↑ Graham JM, Braddock SR, Mortier GR, et al. Syndrome of coronal craniosynostosis with brachydactyly and carpal/tarsal coalition due to Pro250Arg mutation in FGFR3 gene. Am J Med Genet 1998; 77:322–329.
- ↑ Swensen SJ, Otsuka NY. Tarsal coalitions–calcaneonavicular coalitions. Foot Ankle Clin 2015; 20:669–679.
- ↑ Burnett SE, Wilczak CA. Tarsal and tarsometatarsal coalitions from Mound C (Ocmulgee Macon Plateau site, Georgia): implications for understanding the patterns, origins, and antiquity of pedal coalitions in Native American populations. Homo Int Z Vgl Forsch Am Menschen 2012; 63:167–181.
- ↑ Cowell HR. Tarsal coalition–review and update. Instr Course Lect 1982; 31:264–271.
- ↑ Fuson S, Barrett M. Resectional arthroplasty: treatment for calcaneonavicular coalition. J Foot Ankle Surg 1998; 37:11–15.
- ↑ Rocchi V, Huang M-T, Bomar JD, Mubarak S. The ‘double medial malleolus’: a new physical finding in talocalcaneal coalition. J Pediatr Orthop 2018; 38:239–243.
- ↑ Newman JS, Newberg AH. Congenital tarsal coalition: multimodality evaluation with emphasis on CT and MR imaging. Radiographics 2000; 20:321–332.
- ↑ Kernbach KJ. Tarsal coalitions: etiology, diagnosis, imaging, and stigmata. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2010; 27:105–117.
- ↑ Crim JR, Kjeldsberg KM. Radiographic diagnosis of tarsal coalition. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182:323–328.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Taniguchi A, Tanaka Y, Kadono K, et al. C sign for diagnosis of talocalcaneal coalition. Radiology 2003; 228:501–505.
- ↑ Brown RR, Rosenberg ZS, Thornhill BA. The C sign: more specific for flatfoot deformity than subtalar coalition. Skeletal Radiol. 2001; 30:84--87.
- ↑ Liu PT, Roberts CC, Chivers FS, et al. ‘Absent middle facet’: a sign on unenhanced radiography of subtalar joint coalition. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 181:1565–1572.
- ↑ Resnick D. Talar ridges, osteophytes, and beaks: a radiologic commentary. Radiology. 1984; 151:329--332.
- ↑ Wechsler RJ, Schweitzer ME, Deely DM, et al. Tarsal coalition: depiction and characterization with CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 1994; 193:447--452.
- ↑ Downey MS. Tarsal coalitions. A surgical classification. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1991; 81:187–197.
- ↑ Rozansky A, Varley E, Moor M, et al. A radiologic classification of talocalcaneal coalitions based on 3D reconstruction. J Child Orthop 2010; 4:129–135.
- ↑ Klammer G, Espinosa N, Iselin LD. Coalitions of the tarsal bones. Foot Ankle Clin 2018; 23:435–449.
- ↑ Mahan ST, Spencer SA, Vezeridis PS, Kasser JR. Patient-reported outcomes of tarsal coalitions treated with surgical excision. J Pediatr Orthop 2015; 35:583–588.
- ↑ Khoshbin A, Bouchard M, Wasserstein D, et al. Reoperations after tarsal coalition resection: a population-based study. J Foot Ankle Surg 2015; 54:306–310.
- ↑ Mosca VS. Subtalar coalition in pediatrics. Foot Ankle Clin 2015; 20:265–281.
Created by:
John Kiel on 15 November 2021 19:14:44
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Last edited:
4 October 2022 12:37:14
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