Shoulder Anatomy
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Introduction
Alternative Names
- Anatomy of the Shoulder
- Shoulder Complex Anatomy
- Glenohumeral Anatomy
- Shoulder Region Anatomy
- Shoulder Joint Anatomy
- Musculoskeletal Anatomy of the Shoulder
- Functional Anatomy of the Shoulder
- Shoulder Girdle Anatomy
Introduction
- The shoulder is a highly mobile upper extremity joint complex
- It includes the glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and scapulothoracic joints
- Stability is provided by muscles, ligaments, and the joint capsule
- The shoulder allows extensive multidirectional motion
- Common pathology includes rotator cuff tears, instability, and impingement
- Shoulder pain is common in sports and clinical medicine
Muscles
Shoulder Region
Anterior Region
- Serratus Anterior
- Subclavius
- Pectoralis Major
- Pectoralis Minor
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Levator Scapulae
- Coracobrachialis
Posterior Region
Extrinsic Muscles of the Shoulder
- Superficial
- Deep
Intrinsic Muscles of the Shoulder
Additional Groupings
Bones
Accessory Bones of the Shoulder
- Os Acromiale
- Os subacromiale
- Os infraglenoidale
- Os supraspinatum
- Os scapulare
- Os coracoideum
Joints
Ligaments
Ligaments of the Acromioclavicular Joint
Ligaments of the Scapula
Ligaments of the Glenohumeral Joint
Ligaments of the Sternoclavicular Joint
Other
Nerves
Brachial Plexus: Supraclavicular Branches
- Dorsal Scapular Nerve: rhomboids and levator scapulae
- Long Thoracic Nerve: serratus anterior
- Suprascapular Nerve: supraspinatus and infraspinatus
Brachial Plexus: Infraclavicular Branches
- Lateral Pectoral Nerve: pectoralis major
- Medial Pectoral Nerve: pectoralis major, pectoralis minor
- Thoracodorsal Nerve: latissimus dorsi
- Upper Subscapular Nerve: subscapularis
- Lower Subscapular Nerve: subscapularis, teres major
- Axillary Nerve: deltoid, teres minor
Nerves from the Cervical Plexus
- Supraclavicular Nerve: skin over the clavicle, upper chest
- Accessory nerve, C3–C4 fibers: trapezius
Innervation of the Joints
- Sternoclavicular joint: suprascapular nerve, lateral pectoral nerve, axillary nerve
- Acromioclavicular joint: suprascapular nerve, lateral pectoral nerve, axillary nerve
- Glenohumeral joint: axillary nerve, suprascapular nerve, lateral pectoral nerve
Vascular Supply
Subclavian Artery Branches
- Thyrocervical trunk
- Suprascapular artery
- Transverse cervical artery
- Inferior thyroid artery
- Dorsal scapular artery
Axillary Artery Branches
- Superior thoracic artery
- Thoracoacromial artery
- Acromial branch
- Clavicular branch
- Deltoid branch
- Pectoral branch
- Lateral thoracic artery
- Subscapular artery
- Circumflex scapular artery
- Thoracodorsal artery
- Anterior circumflex humeral artery
- Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Other Anatomic Structures
- Subacromial Bursa
- Subscapular Bursa
- Subcoracoid Bursa
- Scapulothoracic Bursa
- Infraspinatus Bursa
- Coracoclavicular Bursa
Other
- Glenohumeral Joint Capsule
- Glenoid Labrum
- Rotator Interval
- Shoulder Girdle
- Coracoacromial Arch
- Bicipital Groove
- Thoracic Outlet
- Axilla
- Quadrangular Space
- Clavipectoral Triangle
- Superior Shoulder Suspensory Complex
Additional
Range of Motion
- Abduction: 150°
- Adduction: 30°
- Flexion: 150-180°
- Extension: 45-60°
- Internal Rotation: 70-90°
- External Rotation: 90°
Bony Landmarks for Physical Exam of the Shoulder
- Acromioclavicular Joint
- Coracoid Process
- Spine of the Scapula
- Insertion of the Rotator Cuff
- Long head of the Biceps Brachii
- Trapezius muscle
- Sternoclavicular Joint
See Also
References
- ↑ Almoallim, Hani, et al. "Approach to Musculoskeletal Examination." Skills in Rheumatology (2021): 17-65.
- ↑ Petchprapa, Catherine N., et al. "The rotator interval: a review of anatomy, function, and normal and abnormal MRI appearance." American journal of Roentgenology 195.3 (2010): 567-576.
- ↑ Case courtesy of Henry Knipe, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 31397
- ↑ Image courtesy of tamingthesru.com
- ↑ Rajalekshmi, Resmi, and Devendra K. Agrawal. "Understanding Fibrous Tissue in the Effective Healing of Rotator Cuff Injury." Journal of surgery and research 7.2 (2024): 215.
- ↑ Mancuso, Matteo. Evaluation and robotic simulation of the glenohumeral joint. Diss. EPFL, 2020.
- ↑ Grahn-Shahar, Petra. "Improving Shoulder Function in Brachial Plexus Birth Injury." (2021).
- ↑ Image courtesy of teachmeanatomy, "The Acromioclavicular Joint"
- ↑ Mancuso, Matteo. Evaluation and robotic simulation of the glenohumeral joint. No. 10009. EPFL, 2020.
- ↑ Almoallim, Hani, et al. "Approach to Musculoskeletal Examination." Skills in Rheumatology (2021): 17-65.
- ↑ Image courtesy of sportsmd.com
- ↑ Zhang, Chunzhao, et al. "A modified kinematic model of shoulder complex based on Vicon motion capturing system: generalized GH joint with floating centre." Sensors 20.13 (2020): 3713.