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Back Anatomy

From WikiSM
Muscles of the back

Introduction

Alternative Names

  • Back Anatomy
  • Anatomy of the Back
  • Posterior Trunk Anatomy
  • Dorsal Anatomy
  • Back Region Anatomy
  • Musculoskeletal Anatomy of the Back
  • Human Back Anatomy
  • Dorsum Anatomy
  • Back Muscles
  • Muscles of the Back
  • Intrinsic Back Muscles
  • Extrinsic Back Muscles

Natural Curves

  • Cervical Lordosis (C1-C7)
    • Normal: 20-40 degrees
  • Thoracic Kyphysosis (T1-T12)
    • Normal: 20-40 degrees
  • Lumbar Lordosis (L1-L5)
    • Normal: 40-60 degrees
  • Sacral Kyphosis
    • Fixed

Cervical Spine ROM

  • Flexion: 45–50°
  • Extension: 75–80°
  • Lateral flexion: 35–45°
  • Rotation: 70–90°

Thoracic Spine ROM

  • Flexion: 30–40°
  • Extension: 20–25°
  • Lateral flexion: 20–25°
  • Rotation: 30–35°

Lumbar Spine ROM

  • Flexion: 40–60°
  • Extension: 20–35°
  • Lateral flexion: 15–20°
  • Rotation: 5–15°

Muscles

Bones of the spine[1]
Structures of the lateral spine and vertebrae[1]
Vertebral columns of the back[1]
Computer-generated lateral three-dimensional (3D) image of the thoracolumbar spine shows the components of the anterior (yellow) and posterior (orange) spinal motion segments[2]
Lateral view of spinal cord topography and its different regions: cervical district (C1 to C8)), Thoracic district (T1 to T 12), Lumbar district (L1 to L5), Sacral district (S1 to S5) and Coccygeal segment. Each segment of the spinal cord directly innervates specific regions of skin and muscle districts[3]

Lateral

Suboccipital Muscles

Superficial Posterior

Intermediate Posterior

Deep Posterior

Bones

Skull

  • Occiptal Bone
  • Temporal Bone

Vertebrae and Vertebral Column

Other Spinal

Spine Anatomy Related

Accessory Bones of the Spine

Joints

Ligaments

Deep spinal muscles including semispinalis, multifidus, spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis[4]

Ligaments of the Vertebral Bodies

Ligaments of the Vertebral Arches

Craniovertebral Ligaments

Costovertebral Ligaments

  • Intra-articular ligament of head of rib
  • Radiate ligaments of head of rib
  • Costotransverse ligaments

Sacroiliac Ligaments

Other

Nerves

  • Primary innervation: Posterior (dorsal) rami of the spinal nerves
  • Intrinsic (deep) back muscles: Innervated by the posterior rami
  • Extrinsic (superficial) back muscles: Innervated by cranial nerves or anterior (ventral) rami of the spinal nerves
  • Cutaneous innervation: Posterior rami provide sensory innervation to the skin of the back
  • Major branches off the spinal cord

Vascular Supply

  • Arterial supply: Segmental branches of the
    • Vertebral arteries
    • Deep cervical arteries
    • Posterior intercostal arteries
    • Subcostal arteries
    • Lumbar arteries
    • Gluteal arteries
  • Venous drainage
    • Vertebral venous plexus
    • Accompanying segmental veins

Other Anatomic Structures

General

Anatomic Landmarks

See Also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Almoallim, Hani, et al. "Approach to Musculoskeletal Examination." Skills in Rheumatology (2021): 17-65.
  2. ↑ Khurana, Bharti, et al. "Traumatic thoracolumbar spine injuries: what the spine surgeon wants to know." Radiographics 33.7 (2013): 2031-2046.
  3. ↑ Facchin, Marco, Marco Viola, and Elia Zanin. "Retiring the “Cinderella view”: the spinal cord as an intrabodily cognitive extension." Biology & Philosophy 36.5 (2021): 45.
  4. ↑ Galbusera, F., and H. J. Wilke. "Biomechanics of the Spine: Basic Concepts." Spinal Disorders and Treatments. 1st ed: Academic Press, 2018. 456 p (2018).
Created by:
John Kiel on 21 June 2019 15:05:24
Last edited:
3 July 2026 19:13:02
Categories:
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