Bone Anatomy

Introduction

A, Lateral aspect of cranium. B, Superior aspect of cranial base.

Vertebral columns of the back

Bones of the upper extremity

Bones of the lower extremity

Name

• Bone Anatomy
• Bones
• Skeleton

General

• This page summarizes all the bones of the human body

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Skull

Cranial Bones

• Frontal bone
• Parietal bones
• Temporal bones
• Occipital bone
• Sphenoid bone
• Ethmoid bone

Facial Bones

• Nasal bones
• Maxillae
• Zygomatic bones
• Mandible
• Lacrimal bones
• Palatine bones
• Inferior nasal conchae
• Vomer

Associated Bones

• Hyoid bone
• Auditory ossicles in the middle ear
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes

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Axial Skeleton

• Vertebral Column
  • Cervical vertebrae (7)
  • Thoracic vertebrae (12)
  • Lumbar vertebrae (5)
• Sacrum
• Coccyx

Thoracic Cage

• Ribs
  • True ribs (1–7)
  • False ribs (8–12)
  • Floating ribs (11–12)
• Sternum: Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid process

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Upper Extremity

Shoulder Girdle

• Clavicles
• Scapula

Arm and Forearm

• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna

Hands

• Carpal Bones
  • Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
  • Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges: Proximal, Middle, Distal

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Pelvis and Lower Limbs

Hip

• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis

Thigh and Leg

• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula

Feet

• Tarsal Bones
  • Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuneiforms, Cuboid
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges: Proximal, Middle, Distal

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Bone Anatomy

Bone structure and cellular components. (a) Anatomical division and types of bone present in long bones; (b) cellular components of bone and their cellular precursors. Osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal stem cells and form new bones by the deposition of extracellular and mineral matrix. When osteoblasts become entrapped in the newly formed bone, they mature into osteocytes. Bone degradation is accomplished by large multinucleated cells, the osteoclasts, which have a myeloid origin.

General

• Bones are dynamic, living tissues
• Support, protect and enable movement of the body

Cellular Level

• Osteoblasts: build bone
• Osteoclasts: break down bone
• Osteocytes: maintain bone

Physiology

• Cells are embedded in a mineralized matrix of collage (flexibility) and hydroxyapatite (hardnesS))
• Compact bone: dense, forms the outer layer
• Organized into osteons/ haversian systems
• Spongy bone: lighter, found at the ends of long bones and inside vertebrae
• Organized into trabeculae which support the bone marrow

Gross Anatomy

• Long bones: support weight and movement (e.g femur)
• Flat bones: protect organs (e.g. skull)
• Short bones: provide stability (e.g. carpals)
• Irregular bones: serve specialized purpose (e.g. vertebrae, scapula))

Other functions

• Bone marrow: stored in bone, produces red blood cells
• Storage: stores minerals like calcium, phosphorous
• Endocrine: helps regulation through hormone secretion

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See Also

• Anatomy Main
• Osteology Main

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